金土石瑞士RAMMS-*alanche雪崩动态模拟软件
RAMMS-*alanche雪崩动态模拟软件
RAMMSALANCHE模型用来模拟复杂地形中流动的雪崩。该模型在瑞士被广泛用于雪崩危险研究。RAMMSALANCHE模型结合了的数字解决方案和有帮助的输入特性以及友好的可视化工具，许多输入输出特征都是经过优化的，使用户能够轻松修改危险场景并控制模拟结果。该程序的核心是一种有效的二阶数值解，即深度平均雪崩动力学方程。在三维数字地形模型中，计算了雪崩流速和速度。使用GIS类型绘图功能可以轻松地单个或多个发布区域。用户可以获得模拟的有用的概览信息，包括发布区域（平均斜率、总容量）、流量行为流量和高度）和停止行为（质量流量）的重要信息。地图和遥感图像可以叠加在地形模型上，以帮助确定输入条件，并根据已知事件校准模型。RAMMSALANCHE模型现在已经在全球70多个地方使用，该软件已经成功应用于高山地区，如阿尔卑斯山、喜马拉雅山、安第斯山脉、落基山脉、塔塔雷和其他地区。
· Release date: March 1st 2010.
· The RAMMS moduleALANCHE was developed to simulateflowing snow *alanches in complex terrain. The module is widely used inSwitzerland for *alanche haza*tudies.
· The RAMMSALANCHE module combines state-of-the-artnumerical solution methods with helpful input features and user-friendlyvisualizatio*ols. Many of the input and output features h*e beenoptimized to allow engineers in practice to easily modify haza*cenarios andco*ol simulation results.
· The core of the program is an efficient second-ordernumerical solution of the depth-*eraged *alanche dynamics equati*.Avalanche flow heights and velocities are calculated on three-dimensionaldigital terrain models. Single or multiple release areas are easily specifiedusing GIS type drawing features. Users are provided with useful overviewinformation of simulati*, including all-important information of the releasearea (mean slope, total volume), flow beh*iour (max flow velocities andheights) and stopping beh*iour (mass flux). Maps and remote sensingimagery can be superimed on the terrain models to aid the specification ofinput conditi* and calibrate the model with known events.
· The model still relies on the two-parameter Voellmy modelwidely used in Swiss snow engineering practice. To calibrate the RAMMSVoellmy-model, we used data from our real scale *alanche test site in Vallée de la Sionne,VS, Switzerland. Special user features h*e been i*oduced i* the model toaccount for variable surface roughness, vegetation and flow in forests. Swissguideline suesti* for friction parameters (based on extensive modelcalibration) are also *ailable for practical users.
· The developme*f the RAMMSALANCHE module started in2005 and is based on experience with the one-dimensional simulatio*ol AL-1D. (Two-dimensional terrain profiles with known flow width are used to modelthe *alanche track.) RAMMSALANCHE is now in use in over 70 locati*worldwide and the software has been successfully applied in mountain regi*such as the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, Tatras and others.
· Future Developments
· Avalanche dynamics research in Switzerland is nowundergoing massive improvements, driven by recent theoretical and experimentalresearch results. The RAMMSALANCHE model is now being updated to includemany of these results and offer advanced model functi* to specialized users –located primarily at other research organizati*.
· One of the primary results is in the inclusion of thefluctuation energy of the snow granules – which greatly effects flow friction,producing flow regime transiti* (solid-like tails and dilute flow fronts). Avariable density *alanche model is now being tested that should help reproduce*alanche impact pressure*ore accurately. Since the production offluctuation energy i*ass dependent, e*ainment processes will be included inmodel updates. Many cou*ies in the world h*e wet snow *alanche problems anda special wet snow *alanche model is now under development. Thi*odel willaccount for high snow temperatures and predict the free water content in theflow providing the necessary state variables to model snow gliding and leveeformation.
· Users are also interested in modeling *all, frequent*alanches. In this area we are working on the specification of initialconditi* (snowpack structure and collapse) as well as defining useabledigital terrain models.C*iderable calibration of *all *alanche events isunderway.
· Finally, the physical boundary conditi* for air-blowout from the granular core are being formulated. This will allow the couplingof RAMMSALANCHE to a new powder snow *alanche code which can be used tomodel full mixed flowing/powder *alanches in three-dimensional terrain in thenear future.
· The RAMMS team welcomes future research collaborati*with other organizati*.
· For further information please c*ult the RAMMSALANCHE user Manual
发布日期：2010年3月1 日。
RAMMS模块ALANCHE被开发为模拟复杂地形中流动的雪崩。该模块在瑞士广泛用于雪崩危害研究。
RAMMSALANCHE模块将的数值求解方法与有用的输入功能和用户友好的可视化工具结合在一起。许多输入和输出功能已经过优化，可以使工程师在实践中轻松修改危险情况和控制结果。
该程序的核心是深度平均雪崩动力学方程的有效二阶数值解。在三维数字地形模型上计算雪崩流的高度和速度。使用GIS类型绘图功能可以轻松单个或多个发布区域。为用户提供了有用的模拟概述信息，包括释放区域（平均斜率，总体积），流动行为流动速度和高度）和停止行为（质量通量）的所有重要信息。可以将地图和遥感影像叠加在地形模型上，以帮助输入条件并用已知事件校准模型。
该模型仍然依赖于瑞士雪地工程实践中广泛使用的两参数Voellmy模型。为了校准RAMMS Voellmy模型，我们使用了位于瑞士VS的Valléede la Sionne的真实规模雪崩测试站点的数据。该模型引入了特殊的用户功能，以解决森林中不同的表面粗糙度，植被和流量。对于摩擦参数的瑞士指南建议（基于广泛的模型校准）也可供实际用户使用。
RAMMSALANCHE模块的开发始于2005年，该开发基于一维工具AL-1D的经验。（使用已知流量宽度的二维地形剖面来模拟雪崩轨迹。）RAMMSALANCHE现在在全球70多个位置中使用，该软件已成功应用于阿尔卑斯山，喜马拉雅山，安第斯山脉等山区，洛矶山脉，塔特拉山等。
未来发展
在近的理论和实验研究结果的推动下，瑞士的雪崩动力学研究正在经历巨大的改进。RAMMSALANCHE模型现在正在更新，以包括许多这些结果，并为主要位于其他研究的用户提供模型功能。
主要结果之一是包含了雪粒的波动能量，这大地影响了流动摩擦，产生了流动状态转换（固体尾部和稀薄的流动前沿）。现在正在测试可变密度雪崩模型，该模型应该有助于更准确地再现雪崩冲击压力。由于波动能量的产生取决于质量，因此模型更新中将包含夹带过程。世界上许多存在湿雪崩问题，目前正在开发一种特殊的湿雪崩模型。该模型将考虑到较高的降雪温度，并预测流中的自由水含量，从而提供必要的状态变量来模拟滑行和堤防形成。
用户还对建模频繁的小雪崩感兴趣。在这一领域中，我们正在研究初始条件（雪堆结构和塌陷）的规范，以及定义可用的数字地形模型。正在进行小雪崩事件的相当大的标定。
然后，正在制定从颗粒核中吹出空气的物理边界条件。这将允许将RAMMSALANCHE耦合到新的粉雪雪崩代码，该代码可用于在不久的将来对三维地形中的全混合流动/粉末雪崩进行建模。
RAMMS团队欢迎与其他的未来研究合作。有关更多信息，请查阅RAMMSALANCHE 用户手册
· Case studies实例探究
· 1) Vallée de la Sionne, VS, Switzerland 瑞士VS西蒙河谷（Valléede la Sionne）
· In our real scale test site we h*e accurate data fro*fferent dry and wet snow *alanches events from 1999 until today. This givesus the opportunity to test and calibrate the models. We can compare measuredspeed, run ou*stances and pressure directly with model results. Thepresented dry snow *alanche occured in March 2006.
在我们的实际规模测试站点中，我们提供了从1999年至今的不同干雪和湿雪崩事件的准确数据。这使我们有机会测试和校准模型。我们可以直接将测得的速度，偏心距离和压力与模型结果进行比较。提出的干雪雪崩发生在2006年3月。
2) Dorfberg, GR, Switzerland 瑞士GR，Dorfberg
· The popular freeride slopes of the Dorfberg are locatedright next to the SLF building in D*os. In March 2008 a large wet snow*alanche released close to the top of Dorfberg (2536m a.s.l), ran through thenarrow gully Salezer Tobel and ran out on the gentle slope at the bottom nextto the lake D*os.
Dorfberg受欢迎的自由滑坡位于达沃斯SLF大楼的旁边。2008年3月，靠近多尔夫贝格（2536m asl）顶部释放了一个大的湿雪崩，穿过狭窄的萨勒兹托贝尔（Salzer Tobel）沟壑，然后在达沃斯湖底部的缓坡上奔跑。
