PLC执行程序的过程分为三个阶段，即输入采样阶段、程序执行阶段、输出刷新阶段，PLC的扫描工作过程:

（1）输入采样阶段。在这一阶段中，PLC以扫描方式读入所有输入端子上的输入信号，并将各输入状态存入对应的输入映像寄存器中。此时，输入映像寄存器被刷断。在程序执行阶段和输出刷新阶段中，输入映像存储器与外界隔离，其内容保持不变，直至下一个扫描周期的输入扫描阶段，才被重新读入的输入信号刷新。可见，PLC在执行程序和处理数据时，不直接使用现场当时的输入信号，而使用本次采样时输入到映像区中的数据。一般来说，输入信号的宽度要大于一个扫描周期，否则可能造成信号的丢失。

（2）程序执行阶段。在执行用户程序过程中，PLC按照梯形图程序扫描原则，一般来说，PLC按从左至右、从上到下的步骤逐个执行程序。但遇到程序跳转指令，则根据跳转条件是否满足来决定程序跳转地址。程序执行过程中，当指令中涉及输入、输出状态时，PLC就从输入映像寄存器中“读入”对应输入端子状态，从输出映像寄存器“读入”对应元件（“软继电器”）的当前状态。然后进行相应的运算，运算结果再存入输出映像寄存器中。对输出映像寄存器来说，每一个元件（“软继电器”）的状态会随着程序执行过程而变化。

（3）输出刷新阶段。程序执行阶段的运算结果被存入输出映像区，而不送到输出端口上。在输出刷新阶段，PLC将输出映像区中的输出变量送入输出锁存器，然后由锁存器通过输出模块产生本周期的控制输出。如果内部输出继电器的状态为“1”，则输出继电器触点闭合，经过输出端子驱动外部负载。全部输出设备的状态要保持一个扫描周期。

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